History of Golf and Golf Equipment

Golf originated from a game played on the coast of Scotland during the 15th century. Golfers would hit a pebble instead of a ball around the sand dunes using a stick or club. After 1750, golf evolved into the sport as we recognize it today. In 1774, Edinburgh golfers wrote the first standardized rules for the game of golf. Invention of Golf Balls Golfers soon tired of hitting pebbles and tried other things. The earliest man-made golf balls included thin leather bags stuffed with feathers (they did not fly very far). The gutta-percha ball was invented in 1848 by Reverend Adam Paterson. Made from the sap of the Gutta tree, this ball could be hit a maximum distance of 225 yards and was very similar to its modern counterpart. In 1898, Coburn Haskell introduced the first one-piece rubber core; when professionally hit these balls reached distances approaching 430 yards. According to The Dimpled Golf Ball by Vincent Mallette, balls were smooth during the early days of golf. Players noticed that as balls became old and scarred, they traveled farther. After a while players would take new balls and intentionally pit them. In 1905, golf ball manufacturer William Taylor was the first to add the dimple pattern using the Coburn Haskell ball. Golf balls had now taken on their modern form. Evolution of Golf Clubs Golf clubs have evolved from wooden shaft clubs to todays sets of woods and irons with durability, weight distribution, and graduation utility. The evolution of clubs went hand-in-hand with the evolution of golf balls that were able to withstand harder whacks. History of Carrying and Caddies During the 1880s, golf bags first came into use. The beast of burden is an old nickname for the caddie who carried golfers equipment for them. The first powered golf car appeared around 1962 and was invented by Merlin L. Halvorson. Invention of Golf Tees The word tee as it relates to the game of golf originated as the name for the area where a golfer played. In 1889, the first documented portable golf tee was patented by Scottish golfers William Bloxsom and Arthur Douglas. This golf tee was made from rubber and had three vertical rubber prongs that held the ball in place. However, it lay on the ground and did not pierce the ground like modern golf tees. In 1892, a British patent was granted to Percy Ellis for his Perfectum tee that did pierce the ground. It was a rubber tee with a metal spike. The 1897 Victor tee was similar and included a cup-shaped top to better hold the golf ball. The Vicktor was patented by Scotsmen PM Matthews. American patents for golf tees include the first American patent issued to Scotsmen David Dalziel in 1895, the 1895 patent issued to American Prosper Senat, and the 1899 patent for an improved golf tee issued to George Grant. Rules of the Game In 1774, the first standardized rules of golf were written and used for the first golf championship, which was won by Doctor John Rattray on 2nd April 1744 in Edinburgh, Scotland. You must tee your ball within one clubs length of the hole.Your  tee  must be on the ground.You are not to change the ball which you strike off the tee.You are not to remove stones, bones or any break club for the sake of playing your ball, except on the fair green, and that only within a clubs length of your ball.If your ball comes among water, or any watery filth, you are at liberty to take out your ball and bringing it behind the hazard and teeing it, you may play it with any club and allow your adversary a stroke for so getting out your ball.If your balls  be  found anywhere touching one another you are to lift the first ball till you play the last.At  holeing  you are to play your ball honestly for the hole, and not to play upon your adversarys ball, not lying in your way to the hole.If you should lose your ball, by its being taken up, or any other way, you are to go back to the spot where you struck last and drop another ball and allow your adversary a stroke for th e misfortune.No man at  holeing  his ball is to be allowed to mark his way to the hold with his club or anything else.If a ball  be  stoppd by any person, horse or dog, or anything else, the ball so stoppd  must  be played where it lyes.If you draw your club in order to strike and proceed so far in the stroke as to be bringing down your club; if then your club shall break in any way, it is to be accounted a stroke.He whose ball  lyes  farthest from the hole is obliged to play first.Neither trench, ditch or  dyke  made for the preservation of the links, nor the Scholars Holes or the soldiers lines shall be accounted a hazard but the ball is to be taken out,  teed  and  playd  with any iron club.

Marketing Management - 4010 Words

Ch 1 Question 1 Which of the following statements is correct? a) Marketing is the term used to refer only to the sales function within a firm b) Marketing managers usually don t get involved in production or distribution decisions c) Marketing is an activity that considers only the needs of the organization, not the needs of society as a whole d) Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large Question 2 The term marketing refers to: a) New product concepts and improvements b) Advertising and promotion activities c) A philosophy that stresses customer value and satisfaction d) Planning†¦show more content†¦Which if the following is NOT a marketing management philosophy? a) Customer orientation b) Profitability orientation c) Marketing orientation d) Competitor orientation Question 20 In order for exchange to occur: a) A comple x societal system must be involved b) Organized marketing activities must also occur c) A profit-oriented organization must be involved d) Each party must have something of value to the other party Ch 2 Question 1 Which of the following is NOT part of the external marketing environment? a) Political b) Legal c) Product d) Socio-cultural Question 2 Car (automobile) designers world-wide began working on plans for a dual energy car when: a) They realized that such a vehicle was not only feasible, but inexpensive b) The legal tolerance for noxious emissions from automobiles began to be reduced c) Noise pollution regulations began to be passed that would outlaw the internal combustion engine d) Sweden passed a law that said all new vehicles had to have a provision for pedal-power Question 3 A firm has decided to alter its pricing and promotional strategies in response to slower than expected job growth and declining personal incomes. 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The Impact Of Mindfulness On Coping Behavior â€- Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Impact Of Mindfulness On Coping Behavior. Answer: Introduction The study involved a sample of 478 undergraduate students with mindfulness levels compared with those with little-perceived stress from Western Sydney University. Mindfulness is one of the most crucial parts of human behavior. It influences perceived stress, coping styles and treatment results for drug reduction strategies (Astin, 2012). The specific objective is determining whether mindfulness improves coping styles and if stress causes the relationship between mindfulness and coping behavior. Therefore, this study focused at determines the impact of mindfulness on coping behavior. It is evident from other researches that tertiary lifestyle is the most stressful. Majority of students are affected by increased stress levels due to difficulty in balancing between personal life and academic performance, family life, and career duties. Many students experience negative impacts on social and academic functioning due to anxiety and stress. Stress is one of the factors affecting students' performance in school (not completing work, dropouts), spiritual and emotional, professional, substance use and physical health (anxiety, depression, headaches, suicidal cases and hopelessness in life) of a person (Baer, 2003). Mindfulness refers to a psychological process to bring the attention of one's experiences that occurs and is developed well through training and meditation. It shows the relationship between current situations, new happenings, views and more knowledge and skills to achieve goals. Further, inconsistencies were found from other studies investigating stress copin g, mindfulness and drug use among students were translated. The question is how students deal with these stresses that impact them negatively. Historically, the area of psychology emphasized on negative outcomes, but currently, the positive psychology department focuses on the positive emotions, i.e., virtues and human strength. Positive emotions consist of individualization, being well and self-actualization (Maslow theory) (Bishop, 2002). All these make a person to reach his/her goals as well as find purpose and meaning in life. Hope refers to desire and expectation that something will happen.It motivates a person to work towards achieving an objective. It is one of the positive emotions to coping and goal achievement towards happiness, health, and perseverance. Emotions are a social urge or move to act and display behaviors. When one enjoys a hobby, a feeling of physical activity may not arise one experience feelings and thoughts of joy or happiness instead. Positive emotions broaden one's thoughts, exploration, action, attention, and creativity. In a study by Boey, (2002) identified cognitive benefits from positive urge s which were creative thinking and grasp and understanding of ideas and concepts which enhance memory. This forms the basis of on the importance of memory in school for academic excellence. A study by (Lazarus Folkman, 1984) on mindfulness meditation has a positive impact on mindfulness skills, self-compassion and trait anxiety on non-clinical students. A study by (Palmer Rodger) examined the impact of mindfulness meditation on hope, negative and positive impacts and anxiety on college. Coping styles and cognitive styles were also examined. One control group had no mediation, one group with mediation on the attention of mindfulness another one on meditation on kindness and loving aspect and the last group on both the two groups above. The group filled measures including negative and positive affect scale, anxiety inventory and state hope scale. The results showed that long mediation influences hope, reduce negative effects and reduce anxiety among students. This study is crucial because it shows that mindfulness meditation leads to anxiety and negative affect reduction, increase positive effect and hope. The current study will focus on the impact of mindfulness on coping behavior, and In addition, the study aims at determining whether mindfulness improves effective coping styles and if stress causes the relationship between mindfulness and coping behavior. The independent variable from our study is stress induction while our dependent variable is constructive coping behavior from COPE inventory. It was hypothesized that mindfulness and high stress leads to more constructive coping behavior outcome that is contrary to the expectations of the study (Field, 2009). Method Participants A total of 478 undergraduate students from Western Sydney University participated in the study to examine the impact of mindfulness on coping behavior. Materials and apparatus Trait mindfulness was measured using the 15-item Mindful attention and awareness scale. Sample items included "I find it difficult to stay focused on what's happening in the present" and "I rush through activities without really being attentive to them." Participants were asked to rate each item on a five-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree). A higher score indicates lower trait mindfulness. General perceived stress was measured with the 10-item version of the perceived stress scale. Sample items included "in the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your problems" and "in the last month, how often have you been upset because something happened unexpectedly." Participants were asked to rate each item on a five-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree). A higher score indicates higher perceived stress in the last month. Coping behavior was measured post-test using the COPE inventory from which approach and avoidance coping scales were derived. Only scores from the approach coping subscale were used in the final analysis because they focus on the adaptive coping behaviors. Approach coping comprised measures of acceptance, active coping, positive reinterpretation, and growth which comprising of four items. Procedure Participants were tested in their psychology: behavioral science tutorial in weeks two and three. At the end of week two, participants were instructed to complete some different pretest items that included mindful attention and awareness scale, general perceived stress and cognitive diffusion scales. In week three, participants completed the manipulation of stress in which students were asked about their challenge or weakness in a hypothetical interview question. Following the manipulation of stress, tutorial groups were given some different inductions. These inductions included a mindfulness condition, relaxation condition, and a control condition. The mindfulness induction involved participants either doing an acceptance meditation, a leaves on the stream meditation or mindful raising eating activity in which meditation participants were invited to touch, smell, feel and deliberately taste the raisin. The relaxation condition involved tensing and relaxing the various muscle groups of the body using a progressive muscle relaxation script. In the control condition, participants were reminded to allow their thoughts to wander. All inductions were recorded by an appropriately qualified psychologist to ensure consistency across the conditions. The self-affirmation written task was excluded from the analysis. A maze-solving task was then given to participants a filler task. To measure adaptive coping behaviors, participants were then instructed to complete the COPE inventory. Results We first examined the baseline measures of trait mindfulness and general perceived stress in the last month on the three conditions of mindfulness, relaxation and the control (across the stress and no stress condition). No significant differences between the three conditions on trait mindfulness were found. A 3*2 (a type of induction*stress) between groups ANOVA was performed on scores from the approach coping style of the brief COPE inventory. Initial analysis of the data found no missing data and assumptions of normality and homogeneity were satisfactory. The induction by stress interaction was non-significant, F (2,217) =0.44, P=647. The main effect of induction was not significant F (2,217) =0.35, P=56. Descriptive statistics are given in table 1. Table 1 Mean approach coping scores for type of induction by stress No stress Stress Total Type of induction m SD m SD m SD meditation 11.15 2.41 11.26 2.76 11.21 2.6 relaxation 11.64 2.26 10.95 2.65 11.35 2.44 Control 11.18 1.81 11.09 2.81 11.14 2.34 total 11.28 2.26 11.16 2.72 11.22 2.50 Discussion The study aimed at examining the impact of mindfulness on coping behavior as well as determining whether mindfulness improves constructive coping styles and if stress causes the relationship between mindfulness and coping behavior. The independent variable from our study is stress induction while our dependent variable is constructive coping behavior from COPE inventory. It was hypothesized that mindfulness and high stress leads to more constructive coping behavior outcome contrary to what was expected from the study (Hahn, 2010). From the present study, it was evident that there were No significant variations between the conditions on mindfulness trait. By stress induction, the major impact of induction showed no significant change. This is perceived in the total score of all participants from COPE inventory with approach coping strategies. Mindfulness is important in human life since it influences positive thought and wandering among students and perceived stress, kind of coping styles and treatment results for drug reduction strategies (Kabat, 1990). The results suggest how mindfulness meditation could improve coping behavior when a student is more stressful. From the previous studies, it was shown that mindfulness results in stress reduction thus an inverse relationship between perceived stress and mindfulness on students. When situations are perceived to be stressful, students who are unmindful develop avoidance behaviors to manage and avoid stress. This will only reduce stress within a short period. The current results are not consistent with other studies where coping behavior was consistent with perceived stress (Marcus, 2001). The results from the second hypothesis showed an increased mindfulness accompanied by the type of induction and coping strategies. This relates to the study of (Palmer Rodger) which shows the relationship between coping styles and mindfulness. Results from this study determined that detached coping as one of the adaptive coping styles was seen to relate with avoidant coping yet no correlation was ide ntified negatively. Future research may discover the relationship between mindfulness and detached coping using FFMQ. Research study limitation The current study encountered several challenges: The sample size of participants was not generalized to represent other students. Participants were university students; therefore, results cannot represent other populations who have various causes of stress. The second limitation is the level of mindfulness intervention. Mindfulness intervention facilitated positive emotions rather than coping styles that are long term. Research using MBSP in schools may have several long-term benefits (Shapirio, Carlson, Astin, 2006). The last challenge was incentive to participant incentive. Even though participants were given class credit, some participated actively while others refused or were not serious. Therefore, for further study, increase the incentives when choosing a sample to encourage positive participation. Also, put more effort in mindfulness intervention to enable gauge the impact of mindfulness on coping behavior styles. The researcher would either pay the time of participants or choose participants who are willing to learn new co ping strategies to be motivated to take part (T.N, 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, the purpose of the research was to determine the impact of mindfulness on coping behavior on university students. The aim was to investigate how stress affects mindfulness and if mindfulness causes coping behavior that may lead to negative effects on their lives. The results from the current study showed no consistency with other study work. From the present study, it was evident that there were No significant variations between the conditions on mindfulness trait. By stress induction, the major impact of induction showed no significant change. Higher mindfulness participants indicated maladaptive coping and reduced perceived stress. Higher mindfulness predicted that an individual drink small amount of alcohol, non-smoker or ex-smoker (Windle Windle, 1996). Further, inconsistencies were found from other studies investigating stress coping, mindfulness and drug use among students were translated. This paper reviewed the literature on mindfulness coping and relationship s with stress and drug use. It is evident that mindfulness meditation and MBT (mindfulness-based treatments) aims at reducing psychological and physical. Also, there is empathy, positive affect, increase maladaptive coping strategies. MBP (mindful based programs) and Mindfulness meditation should be available for those who want to reduce anxiety levels, substance use, stress and increase self-regulation option for those wishing to reduce stress and anxiety levels, improve self-regulation and coping strategies (Hahn, 2010). References Adlaf, E., Demers, A., Gliksman, L. (2005). Canadian campus survey. Canada: Eds. Astin, J. (2012). Stress-reduction through mindfulness meditation. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. Toronto. Baer, R. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology and Scientific Practice,. Bishop, S. (2002). What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction? Psychosomatic Medicine,. Boey, K. (2002). Development of the college stress scale. Journal of Applied Psychology. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics using SPSS. London: SAGE publications. London: SAGE. Hahn, T. (2010). The miracle of mindfulness: An introduction to the practice of Induction. Kabat, Z. J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Dell Publishing. Lazarus, R. S., Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer. Marcus, M. (2001). Mindfulness based meditation in a therapeutic community. Journal of Substance Use,. Palmer, A., Rodger. (n.d.). Mindfulness, stress and coping among university students. Canadian Journal of Counselling. Shapirio, S., Carlson, L., Astin, J. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology,. Windle, M., Windle, R. (1996). problems and with academic functionig Coping strategies, drinking motives and stressful life events among middle adolescents: associations with emotional and behavioural problems and with academic functioning. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

Nightmare of Global Warming Essay Example

Nightmare of Global Warming Paper For such kind of presentation, he has conducted for more than one thousand times. The theme of the film is that global warming is real and caused by human being, and it eventually will become catastrophe. Gore strives to alert all people in the world about the disastrous result of climate change and awaken people and authorities concerned to take prompt action to stop and reverse it. After making research and deliberate consideration, I agree with Gores points of view. The documentary is derived from a public speech Gore has been developing or six years with the employment of a comprehensive slide show. The public image of Gore is a stiff and humorlessly person. However, his performance starts with a humor greeting to an audience. Im AAA Gore, he said. Used I dont to be the next president of the United States laughter, applause ? find that particularly funny. Gore then starts his speech from here. During the presentation, he tries to utilize few jokes to make the speech more vivid and less boring as well as to draw the attention of audience to focus on his talk. With the aid of computerized charts, photos, archival footage, and even orators; he introduces the nightmare of climate change regarding its formation, influence and the ultimate ending. He stands in an insulated auditorium before a small crowd, and pointing at the charts and pictures on the large screen behind him from time to time. Through the visual aids, Gore demonstrates that global warming is not a hypothetical issue. It already exists and evidence is shown everywhere in the floods, droughts, and hurricanes. If no appropriate actions are taken, it will be a calamity. The world wont end overnight in 10 years, Gore said. But a point will have been passed, and here will be an irreversible slide into destruction. The main cause of global warming is due to the burning of fossil fuels by human beings. People consumed energy from gas, Oil, and coal. They are discharging it to a great amount rapidly that have been saved over million years. It creates pass-along effect and global warmi ng. It is because the sunlight reflected by glaciers and snow is absorbed by the sea water. In this regard, the melting of ice will lead the sea to store more suns energy. We will write a custom essay sample on Nightmare of Global Warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nightmare of Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nightmare of Global Warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gore guides the audience to tour the mystery of the earth and interprets global arming is equivalent to trees, oceans, weather patterns, and populations to a certain extent. He anticipates that the planet will achieve a climax and commence to slide towards the ruining of our civilization and majority of other species on the planet in around 10 years time. Gore stresses that everybody and country should have moral obligation to protect the earth from being attacked by global warming and perform in some ways to eliminate the greenhouse effect. To educate the audience with the greenhouse effect, Gore employs a clip from Futurism episode Crimes of the Hot. Really, greenhouse effect plays a critical role of forming global warming that the earth experiences the rise in temperature for certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy from the sun. Following the rise of temperature, it will lead to wildfires, droughts, hurricanes, and melting of ice, that elevates sea levels and wipe out coastal areas. Gore points out that Hurricane Strain is a warming signal that the disaster will be coming. Gore provides plenty Of data to support his central theme. He displays a number of majestic photographs of the Earth taken from several space missions. By means of the photos, viewers have a clear picture of the Earth and help activate modern environmentalism. He uses the Keeling curve to measure CO from the Manna Lola Observatory. The retreat of numerous glaciers is displayed in a series of photographs. Gore makes use of the research results from Physics Institute at the University of Bern and the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica indicating that carbon dioxide concentrations higher than before during the past 650,000 years. He presents the well-known photograph of Arteries taken by the first American astronauts from the space. With it, the audience is aware of glaciers and lakes are dwindling, snows are melting, and shorelines are withdrawing. He utilizes the temperature record since 1880 to illustrate the ten hottest years in history were in the last fourteen years. Gore quotes the survey conducted by Naomi Ores of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change in 2004 signifying that they either supports the argument of global warming is caused by human performance or make no comment. After showing the audience of the survey, There is no controversy about these facts, Gore said. Out of 925 recent articles in peer- review scientific journals about global warming, there was no disagreement. Zero. In doing so, Gore provides relevant data, examples, fact, and statistics to develop logical appeal to the audience in order to convince them in line with his argument Guggenheim, the film director, discloses Globes tragedies and frustration regarding his sisters death from lung cancer, his sons death from near-fatal car accident, and the close loss of the 2000 presidential election. However, these disappointments make him more energetic and focus on educating people of the nightmare of global warming and inspiring them to take appropriate actions. While Gore was studying at Harvard, he had been influenced by the Professor Roger Reveille, early climate expert, to commit in overturning global warming. He presents his speech all over the United States and abroad. Since he foresees the destructive outcome caused by the global warming, he is devoted to alerting people all over the world of its existence. Gore defends and opposes against those who criticize the validity of global warming. He uses scientific evidence, reliable data, and well-known facts to aka the latter silent. When Gore was the Vice President during the Clinton Administration, he pressed to enforce carbon tax to promote energy efficiency diversify the choices of fuel; and it was partly carried out in 1993. In the end of documentary, Gore stresses that global warming can be combated by releasing less carbon dioxide and planting more vegetation to put away existing carbon dioxide. He makes a conclusion by saying: Each one of us is a cause of global warming, but each one of us can make choices to change that with the things we buy, the electricity we use, the cars we drive; we can aka choices to bring our individual carbon emissions to Zero. The solutions are in our hands, we just have to have the determination to make it happen. We have everything that we need to reduce carbon emissions, everything but political will. But in America, the will to act is a renewable resource. At the end of movie, there is a pops up on screen encouraging audience to suppress climate change at home by recycling, speaking up in community, buying a hybrid vehicle, and referring this movie to people. After watching the Inconvenient Truth and doing a research work, insider the film is the most realistic documentary. Gore did made dramatic visuals during the presentations to prove the validity of his thesis global warming is real and caused by human being, and it eventually will become catastrophe. Being a rational person, only believe in fact and professional opinions. Nobody can deny the harmful effect of global warming after viewing his multimedia show that is made up of a combination of scientific data, startling photographs, statistics, and cartoons. I notice that the Associated Press conducted a survey with more than 100 climate researchers about the liability of Gores speech and all 19 climate scientists who had watched the movie confirmed that Gore makes only few scientific errors. The levels of the atmospheres carbon dioxide displayed on the chart further strengthen my belief in dreadful global warming. The release of high level of carbon dioxide cause high temperatures both in the air and water that finally result in rapid melting and formation of stronger storms. Hurricane Strain is created due to the result of warmer waters and it is a siren of forthcoming awful global warming. There are a lot of scientists and well-known scholars support Gores viewpoints. William Schlesinger, dean Of the Nicholas School Of Environment and Earth Sciences at Duke university said Excellent, Gore got all the important material and got it right. Robert Corbel, chairman of the worldwide Arctic Climate Impact Assessment group of scientists saw Gore give the slideshows presentation that is woven throughout the documentary. Sat there and Im amazed at how thorough and accurate, Corbel said. After the presentation said, AAA, Im absolutely blown away. Theres a lot of details you could get wrong. I could find no error. Ted Combos, lead scientist from the National Snow and Ice Data Center, said. l think An Inconvenient Truth does an excellent job of outlining the science behind global warming and the challenges society faces in the coming century because of it. Steven Squiring, climatologist from Texas A;M university, said. Whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report.